Sustainability of Economy And Destinations †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Sustainability of Economy And Destinations. Answer: Sustainability of economy involves ability of the current economic status to improve the livelihood of a place within a specific time and also its future development; sustainable development is the growth of a community or a country. Tourism and hospitality has become a fast growing industry globally, its referred to as pure economics because it is also affected by changes in demand and supply factors (Spirou, 2010). Tourism has gained a lot of global market hence hospitality because of high demands from tourists. Looking at the sustainable economies and development considering destinations cycle, you find that the reception of the investment in the area depends on its demand; if it is high the sustainability will also cater the current situation and also the coming generation (Mohammed Sheriff, 2010). This reception depends also on the regulations in the country of investment, too much regulations and long procedures of legalization makes investors give up. Countries with strict regulations and long legal procedures receive less investors in the country; this is because it is costly when the processes take longer time to be approved. In the present day life, tourism is basically graded as a consumer product in the normal interpretation which is deterrmined by market forces of demand and supply mechanisms. The various intermediaries of retail outlet helps in attaining the ever growing demand and supply in tourism sector (Maslow, 2013). Since the community in the tourism sector basic requirement such that domestic and international tourists are equally valued. It is no longer a luxury whick initially used to beleft to the rich merchants alone.tourism as a business enterprise has a number of aspects which impacted in the tourism industry proliferatio. These factors are among other leisure time availability that provide quality time for exploring new environments, increase in revenue of middle class individuals. Thre has been great developm ent in terms of financial growth that has contributed to the high rise in tourism sector all over the globe. Therefore, the various theories of tourism relate closely to the practices that mainly relate to role, motivations and tourist experiences. The main way to classify tourists could be based on the needs of the tourist. In this category, touriost fraternity therefore fall under two main categories. That is, tourists and travellers. In the past, a lot of people would prefer their own means of transport for long distances. This could not fall under tourism since there was no tour guiding. Their main aim was to reach their destination without involving themselves in adventorous activities. This hindered the aspect of tourism since they could not explore important areas of entertainment. They would do all this movements and travelling for days without consultations. Typically, a tourist is an individual who travel or move from one environment to the next so as to satisfy their interests in adventure. These cohort of tourists mainly relie on tour guides and other agenmts so as to direct them to their best areas of interests (Maslow, 2011). These agents generate a lot of wealth as they direct the tourists on their way or on their trips. For instance, tourists would travel to gain certain skills and knowledge on their culture which actually lay a base of motivation to these tourists. Again, some analytical skills such as observation and interpretation can be attained. There are a number ofgreat scolars who have emaciated great theories concerning tourism sector. These theories have been useful for tourism development and classification. For that matter, this particular aspect have greatly defined the major reason for their travel and adventure. Therefore, a tourist can be broadly defined as an explorer (Richard, 2013). There are other categories of tourists. They are commonly known as the elites and the other corresponding category is called offbeat tourists. These cohort is known to adventure with the major aim of attaining knowledge and getting away from increasing huge population commonly referred as the offbeat tourists. Tourists can again be classified on the basis od demand which apparently describe their main reason of adventure. This particular classification can be applied to greatly find out the tasks and as well determine the need of a particular group of tourists. Again, there is yet another classification of tourist that is basedon the requirements of the tourists. This is used to satisfy their great desire for recreation and also for some experimental reasons (Marylene, 2014). In addition, another classification can also be based on motivation in which travelling help in prediction of what the consumer really require. A theory based on psychology of tourist was conducted to find out the tourists attitude towards travel and adventure.there is also a cohort of tourists who risk by searching for strange places of adventure. There is also another group of tourists who like places and areas of adventure they are already familiar with. They are broadly classified and termed as psycho-centric tourists. The undelying assumption to this is that different types of tourists basing on their interests prefer different places. Many trourists prefer going for holidays for a short distant places. Therefore, in most developed nations, these cohort is in grea t proximity to areas with high populations. This is where most tourist destinations are usually located. Mostly in the urban cities where we have urban tourism. However, we find that recently many of the remote areas are acting as good tourist attraction centres and sites. This is because people in these areas are developing as well as developing trhese areas at a greater rate in comparison to areas with high populations. Another theory developed or initiarted by great scholar known as Erick Cohen suggested that there are several major tourists classifications (Rothfuss, 2008). There are those tourists who are known to adventure in large cohorts guided by a tour guide. Another cohort of tourist is that organized groups of tourists who are known to apply the same facilities used by the organized mass tourists. Nevertheless, this cohort of tourist makes their decisions based on their activities and other tasks related to their adventure. This cohort of tourist is known to live longer than all the other cohorts of tourists. The major idea depicted from the above is that, if a huge number of tourists prefer one area of adventure to the other are a (Ryan Deci, 2017). This would greatly cause hatred among the people in those areas affected by such underlying scenerio. In addition, if hatred seems to take the better part of the locals, then the number of tourists may reduce due to hostility from the two areas. This may reduce the rate of growth in those areas. The other group tourists are the indiviual cohort mass tourists who apply similar facilities just like organized mass tourists, however, the main difference is based on decision making (Piasecki, 2009). This cohort makes many individual based decisions and judgement regarding their tasks and adventure. There are also the explorers and the drifters respectively. These explorers would oftenly plan their own travels, meet and interact with the area drifters so as to avoid all contact with many cohort of tourists and leave with the local tourists in their main area ofd adventure (Marylene, 2014). This category of tourists survive longer than the other groups whose life expectancy is lower. This cohort of tourist is known to live longer than all the other cohorts of tourists. The major idea depicted from the above is that, if a huge number of tourists prefer one area of adventure to the other area. The various intermediaries of retail outlet helps in attaining the ever growing demand and supply in tourism sector (Latham, 2010). Since the community in the tourism sector basic requirement such that domestic and international tourists are equally valued. It is no longer a luxury whick initially used to beleft to the rich merchants alone.tourism as a business enterprise has a number of aspects which impacted in the tourism industry proliferation Butler asserted a model whereby, a tourism destination grown over time as a result of many aspects. Destination is a crucial and essential aspect in tourism. A destination may be defined typically as a product and is marketed to its consumers. Just like all other goods and services, destinations for many tourists have a life steps and procedure that cycle around a given partern (Myerson, 2012). Butler suggested a model for tourism adventure life cycle that he demonstrated how a destination starts as a relatively unfamiliar place and visitors initially come in diminishing fractions because of in adequate access channels, facilities and local skill and underlying knowledge. The main idea in Butler's model was that, proper remedial and planning of action by the tourists can assist in arresting the failure in resorts and tourism infrastructure. One of the main bottleneck which the World Tourism Organization asserted in its Global Forecasts and beyond is the issue of sustainability in tourism and hospitality, which positively and perfectly correlate to the absorptive capacity of an economy with respect to tourism. This not only fail to refer to the physical capacity but also to the capacity of a particular area of adventure to give tourism infrastructure, pool of investments resources, human resource, and natural resources. While human resource would not be a constraint, other natural resources might be (Muller, 2011). The theory of tourism sustainability and empowerment therefore off late has become of importance relevance,that is crucial in promoting environmental awareness and improve tourism industry all over the globe. Apart from the environmental issues, a burning issue arise. This might emerge as an impediment is inadequate trained skilled manpower to deliver value additions. In conclusion, it can be asserted that, although many tourism theories have been documented by many scholars to find out the roles and tasks, the features of tourists to improve the industry and the entire economy (Richard, 2014). There is inadequate awareness concerning these theories amidst the policy makers. Tourism sector is still one of those sectors, which are regulated by government legal formalities (Latham, 2010). There are many types of conceptual and theoretical approaches to tourism sector and its sustainability, that have to be tested in reality. There is a further need for more areas of studies and employment of skilled manpower in conducting the analytical research, which will assist in achievement of greater theoretical orientation and practical application. The tourism sector has been developing at a great rate. The huge increase in population have a big effect on the industry, but the numbers of tourists worldwide are expected to be twice as time elapses. Keeping on record with the changing times, consumer demands will also change, more categories based on growing needs of tourists might appear (Klosterboer, 2011). Tourism has enabled the destination and sustainability of many participants in the entire globe. It is important to note that tourism sector has developed from the rural to urban tourism such that in the early 50s, the development of tourism had not been realized up to early 80s towards late 90s (Harding, 2014). This has enabled many stakeholders to attain a lot of wealth in this sector. This rapid growth in tourism sector has also enabled the development of new tourism product in the various sections. Foreign exchange has also been one of the areas highly positively favored by tourism. This has enabled many countries to generate realizable revenue over short time and also able to maintain the environment. In conclusion, it is important to appreciate the outstanding work played by tourism sector. With great perfect positive correlation with hospitality, these two sectors are ranked among the very best in employing young minds who tend to be innovative and make them realize their potential. Again, many organizations have gathered together to promote this sector (Grummit, 2007). Many governments have enacted policies that have promoted tourism and hospitality. The major tariffs have been removed to ensure concrete relationship among all the stakeholders involved in hospitality and tourism in general. This paper therefore aim at driving the motive that hospitality and tourism have become one of the pillars of the economy. References. Grummit, A. (2007). Capacity Management. Van Haren Publishing Harding, A. (2014). Urban Theory. A Critical Introduction to Power, Cities and Urbanism in the 21st Century. Sage Publication ltd. Klosterboer, L. (2011). ITIL Capacity Management. IBM Press. Latham, J. (2010). Java. Just in Time. College Publication. Muller, M. (2011). Essential of Inventory Management. AMACOM. Myerson, D. (2012). Lean Supply Chain and Logical Management. McGraw-Hill Education. Marylene, G. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation and Self-Determination Theory. OUP USA. Maslow, A.H. (2013). A Theory of Human Motivation. Start publishing LLC. Maslow, A.H. (2011). Hierarchy of Needs: A Theory of Human Motivation. www.all.about-psychology.com. Mohammed, H.G., Sheriff, S.Y. (2010). Islamic Theory of Motivation. Deep Deep publication. Piasecki, D.J. (2009). Inventory Management Explained. OPS publishing. Richard, G. (2014). Warehouse Management. Kogan Page. Rothfuss, P. (2008). The Name of the Wind. DAW Books. Richard, A. (2013). Job Satisfaction from Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Perspective. Grin publishing. Ryan, R.M., Deci, EL. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development and Wellness. The Guilford Press. Spirou, C. (2010). Urban Tourism and Urban Changes: Cities in the Global Economy. Routledge.

Students name Essays - Family, Human Behavior, Marriage, Family Law

Student's name Professor' name Course Date Do you think Lorna deserved half of the family net worth? Why or why not? No. Lorna, being the wife to her husband did not mean that they were in a partnership agreement; sharing of half the amount accumulated is only practical where the association is a partnership. Since marriage means sharing of responsibilities, she is wrong to demand for half the share of the husband's earnings; because they are divorcing. According to the law, it is possible to have fair distribution, which does not translate to automatic split (50-50). If one parent is a stay-at-home parent while the other is the sole breadwinner, should the money the breadwinner earned be divided equally in divorce? No. the money the breadwinner earned should not in way be subjected to 50-50 sharing rule. Even though both the husband and the wife are one entity, division of property should be fair. Fairness takes into account the status of each member of the family financially. At times the court may rule in favor of stay at home mother who is employment problematic due to her long years of since leaving the wok-force. When one parent takes time out of the workforce, their future wages are affected. If the person took 5 years out of the paid workforce, when she/he returned, her/his wages would be less than if there would be no gap in work experience. Does this fact demonstrate the need for alimony? The above case does not prove the need for alimony at all. In general alimony is awarded to women (stay at home mothers) who contributed to rearing of children in the family. Secondly, it can be given to those who left the market place long ago. Lorna is a good example because she had left her teaching job years earlier before their divorce. Also young women who are employed and who are in a short-term type of marriage are eligible to alimony. When dealing with retirement issues, failure to work or being out of the work force, require someone to have money to cover the lost income. An individual may choose to work longer if he or she is healthy. The gaps might end up rising if the person concerned does not take the responsibility to plan before retirement. Work cited "Lorna Wendt, of GE Capital 'corporate Wife' Divorce, Dies." CNBC, www.cnbc.com/2016/02/05/lorna-wendt-of-ge-capital-corporate-wife-divorce-dies.html.

Miserable life Essays

Miserable life Essays Miserable life Paper Miserable life Paper In Athens the wives of citizens led a very different life than the wives of today lead. Some people may see their lives as boring and miserable but others believe it was not that way. In this essay I will discuss both sides of the argument.  Women in Athens were very rarely allowed to leave the house and therefore they were stuck in the oikos all day, everyday (except at festivals). The purpose of this was to give them protection from other men. Although this was a very effective method of keeping men away it is seen by some people as unjust as they were therefore kept in the oikos at all times and prevented from socialising with other men or women. The door to the oikos were deliberately off centre so that it was very hard for passers by to see in and catch a glimpse of the wife as well as making it difficult for the women to see out. The oikos also had a courtyard so this meant that the women could still get outside and get some fresh air. Therefore they werent really stuck inside the house they just werent allowed out onto the street. However, although the women did not get as much chance to meet other Athenian citizens as men did, they still had some opportunities. These opportunities were usually at festivals and religious activities as well as at family events. At these times women had a chance to talk to other women as well as very occasionally men.  Unfortunately there was another major event that women were not allowed to take part in. This was the symposium. The symposium was a very big part of an Athenian mans life. It was like a dinner party but there was one almost every day of the week. They were held at different houses every night and it was a very large social event which usually ended in everyone being incredibly drunk!! However, because it was an event with other men, the women of the oikos were not allowed to join in. A good thing about an Athenian womans life was that it was very unlikely that they would be divorced because the dowry protected them. The dowry was something that the husband got from the wifes family to help pay for her expenses. However, if a man divorced their wife they would have to pay back the entire dowry no matter how much of it they had spent. Therefore the marriage was generally insured for life. The only problem was that the dowry was the possession of the husband but because the wives never had any financial activities this wasnt really a problem. Women didnt appear to have a proper life. They were treated by the man and seen as a possession and they had no value. They had no career and all they ever did was handle the oikos. Their job in the oikos was very important though and they never had any time to be bored. In the oikos they had a number of important tasks to do such as cooking bread and meals. She could either do this herself or organise a slave(s) to do it for her. Another important job was making clothes for the whole family by spinning and weaving. Again she could either do this by organising slaves or do it all herself. She could also join in with the slaves in this task if she wished too. One job that took a fair amount of organisational skills was sorting out what food needed to be stored and which they would keep out and eat during the month. She would have to make sure she kept out the right amount of food. The woman also had to make sure that the house was clean and tidy and suitable for the man to live in and hold the symposium in. Some people think that women had the same routine every day however this was most probably not the case because they wouldnt have to bake bread every single day and they wouldnt need to make clothes every day. They only had to sort the food out once a month and they had a whole variety of tasks which werent always the same and didnt necessarily have to be completed every day. Unfortunately however, their tasks took a long time to complete but they could always give the slaves the worst jobs. Also although their tasks took quite a long time, they saw what they had to do as their duty. Some women were also lucky enough o be educated at home so they didnt just have to complete long and laborious tasks all day. Quite a few people point out the fact that women only ever dealt with slaves and children all day. Although this was part of their life, it was what they saw as normal. Besides, they did also see their husbands and relatives of his such as the aunts and grandmothers. This would usually be during the time when they were first married and these elder figures would teach her how to look after the house and organise and care for the slaves. As they had to be educated in how to look after the house this also suggests that looking after the house wasnt as easy and boring as it sounds. Children, although the women had to deal with them all day, were actually quite important in ancient Athenian lifestyle. Also, if the woman was lucky to have a boy she would be more highly respected than she would if she had a girl.  The man of the house may have been a miserable side to the Athenian womans life because they had no choice in whether they married them or not as it was the fathers decision as to whether they did or didnt. However, this being said, even if they didnt like their husband they wouldnt actually have to spend that much time with them being as how the man was usually out of the house. They were also in charge of the house in his absence so this was in some ways a good thing. During the life of an ancient Athenian woman they had no political dealings as they were not allowed to vote and had no say in how the polis was run. They also were not allowed to appear in court which was slightly unfair because a testimony could be given against them without them knowing and they would be unable to defend themselves. The fact that they were not allowed to vote wasnt too much of a problem for two reasons. The first being that they never left the house so what happened outside of the oikos wasnt too much of a problem or a concern for them. The other was that that way they didnt have to find out any information from their husbands on the candidates which could have been biased depending on what the husband thought himself.  All in all I do not agree that women had a miserable life mainly because they knew no other life so they would see theirs as normal. Also they knew that all Athenian women had the same life as them. I do agree however that some of their tasks may have been long and laborious and therefore made some moments of their life miserable.

See attached Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

See attached - Research Paper Example 1- Management integrity: Management integrity, or the ethical nature of personnel of authority, designs the overall tone for the company. Management integrity is communicated with all the employees through the handbooks and procedural manuals of employees. 2- Competent personnel: A company’s capability to recruit and retain proficient employees shows management’s intention to appropriately recording of accounting transactions. Additionally, the retention of workers raises the comparability of financial records from time to time. 3- Segregation of duties: The University of California at Los Angeles observes that a segregation of duties is significant to effectual internal control because it minimizes the risk of errors and wrong proceedings. A successful structure of internal control segregates authoritative, accounting and custodial functions. 4- Record maintenance: Keeping proper records gives the surety that appropriate documentation exists for all the business transa ctions. The management of records include: storing, protection and ultimately destructing tangible or electronic records. The Environmental Protection Agency highlights that an accurate records organization program minimizes operating costs of the operations, improves effectiveness and reduces the risk of process (James, 2013). SEC: The basic objective of SEC is to make sure that the security market is operating in a fair and orderly way. The professionals of security industry are forming contracts fairly with their clients, and that organizations provide general public all the necessary information about the company position through which investors could be able to make well informed investment decisions (Investor, n.d.). The SEC follows these goals by: mandating that organization reveals material business and financial information; supervising the process of the SROs; following rules with which those concerned in the buying and selling of securities should obey; and filing proceed ings or taking other enforcement activities in cases where the law has been desecrated. In spite of the lot of protections given by federal and state securities laws and SRO policy, it is essential for investors to keep in mind that they have the final accountability for their own security (SEC, n.d.). FASB: The Financial Accounting Standards Board is accountable for creating, revising, clarifying, and issuing mutually the broad principles and the specific activities that comprises acceptable financial accounting of private-sector (Tran, 2012). The FASB works through a course of the research projects, discussion memoranda, public hearings, comment letters, and proposal drafts. The FASB's eventual findings on program items are published as Statements of Financial Accounting Standards, which companies are necessary to adhere to (Dietrich, 2013). The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is a one branch of the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF), and self-governing, nonprofit b usiness The Financial Accounting Standards Board bears accountability for making generally acceptable accounting principles (GAAP) for the private or confidential sector (FASB, n.d.). Part 3-answer: Company in that was praised for its ethical practices: Nestle company has got a huge number of employees around the globe and it is maintaining a highly ethical behavior in its all the companies around the world. Nestle provides great satisfaction to employees and their satisfaction reflects in the

PROJECT mANAGEMENT( CASE STUDY) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PROJECT mANAGEMENT( CASE STUDY) - Essay Example Number in the top of the set is the time this activity individual requires or the total time allocated to complete this activity. Compartment with 0 carries the point in time particular activity can be started. Therefore Activity A can be started at 0 point in time means that as soon as the project started and it is the Earliest Start Time (Anantatmula, 2010). Whereas Compartment with 7 refers total time consumed after completing this particular activity which means it shows the Earliest Finish Time (Brotherton, Fried, and Norman, 2008). Bottom right compartment is the time of latest finish activity. For instance, activity can be finished at the latest by 10 weeks and any further delay than 10 weeks would impact total duration of the project. Number below the complete box refers the amount of time (weeks in under study case) this particular activity can be delayed without affecting the total project time; called float (Brotherton, Fried, and Norman, 2008). For instance, activity A ca n be delayed to maximum of 3 weeks without affecting the total project time. This delay would also allow this activity to be included in the critical path and as the gap available for delay would entirely be consumed by the initially activity. So an activity can be represented as follows: Duration of the project Earliest Start Time A Earliest Finish Time Latest Start Time Latest finish Time float Path identified with red arrow is the critical path. Critical path refers to path or the flow of activities that are critically dependent on each other and delay in these activities would immediately result in delay of the project. Critical path of this project includes following activities: B-E-H-J-K-L. It is identified with activities that have zero (0) float; referring to no time cushion to delay this particular activity. It is the longest path and any delay in these activities will delay the entire project. The float of the activity D and F are 3 weeks and 1 week respectively. This mean s that activity D and activity F can be delayed by 3 weeks and 1 week respectively and this delay would have no impact on the duration of the project and project will be still completed on time. However, any delays in these activities with more than the stated time would impact completion of project on time (Alojairi, and Safayeni, 2009). Activity F has a float of 1 week and delay in this would affect the overall time required to complete the project. Manager in order to reduce time for delay in the critical path can take the benefit of float of F and G and shall take up both activities parallel. Hence, this way, two weeks benefit will be in hand to project manager. Within these two weeks manager can allocate additional resources for such as multiple panel for hiring and training staff in order to complete the project within due time or minimizing the delay. ANSWER # 1 (b) Each component of the project plays its part in order to complete the project within the duration. However, amo ng large number of factors few are regarded as critical and discrepancy on these factors such as delays can resultantly cause the delay of the entire project along with cost also being affected. Being critical these factors require considerable attention to ensure minimization of the discrepancy chances (Bredillet, 2005). For the given project of developing petrol station with convenience stores being market already explored by Tesco Metro and Sainsbury’s Local but with distinction to exploit the high income class

International management and change Essay Example for Free

International management and change Essay When Pascal made this statement, globalization had yet to take place. People lived in different societies remaining cut-off from each other. Each society had its own perception of truth and reality. Then came along the advancement in technology bringing along inventions such as computer, internet and telecommunications making the world a global village. Perceptions started changing as information flow across the globe happened at the speed of light. People from all across the globe started sharing their experiences with each other thus reducing the differences in various cultures. However, the act of globalization has yet to reach its peak. Cultural differences still exist within different societies and the level of information and technology is still heterogeneous around the globe. I would now highlight some distinguishing features of the management styles of various regions. We observe that the beliefs and values of people vary across various cultures. The Japanese work as a group and organizational system is based on community work. The reward system is based on the level of seniority and is also group based. The organizational structure is cooperation based whereas American organizations often are based on competitive style where individuals are rewarded based on their performance levels. Similarly the management style of French is also very different from that of US. French follow a more creative thinking pattern and do not like to adhere to strict rules and regulations. The European management style has some key points that distinguish it from the American management style. The European management style even differs within the European countries and two countries deserve a special focus France and Germany because, among other reasons, the bureaucrats in those countries have long been regarded as mandarins by the field of public administration (Dogan 1976). European management style can be classified into different clusters based upon Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner’s cultural variables (Goliath, 2004) according to which European management style can be sub-divided into: Anglo-Saxon culture (Ireland, UK, and USA), Nordic culture (Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Sweden, and Finland), Germanic culture (Austria, Belgium, Germany, and Switzerland), Frankophile culture (France, Greece, Portugal, and Spain) and Italian culture. These cultures also differ greatly from the US and Japanese styles of management thus requiring different management practices. The pay for performance system can work with the European management style as employees in Europe are mostly achievement oriented and perform good work for better rewards. The cultural beliefs and values of Europeans are pretty much different from the people of US and hence the marketing techniques used in Europe should be different from those applied in US. For example, Europeans are very much reluctant to providing personal information as compared to US customers; also the credit card usage in Europe is considerably lower than in US (Heilbrunn, 1998). The introduction of new logo and implementation of matrix structure allowing a flatter organizational structure can work relatively better in the European business environment The company operations in South America demand a completely different approach as Latin American culture significantly differs from US culture in terms of communication process. The US culture emphasizes on completion of task and sentences are interpreted in their direct meaning. However Latin American society focuses on relationships and context of the communication may involve more than just the spoken words (Wederspahn, 2001). So the marketing and sales efforts in South American cannot be standardized with the US practices since the Latin American customers tend to perceive communication messages in a very different way from their US counterparts. The new logo can be introduced, however introduction of a flatter organization with matrix structure may not be feasible in South America as the type of culture prevalent in this society is not conducive to the working of non-hierarchical organizations. If we study the culture of Middle Eastern countries, it is found that the business practices again differ significantly from those of US. The business is mostly chaotic and based upon word of mouth rather than written agreements, the cultural values are mostly Islamic and respect for relationships is held supreme; also the marketing regulations in Middle Eastern countries are very strict as compared to US or rest of the world (Kwintessential Ltd). The middle eastern management style is mostly authoritarian and based upon Douglas McGregor’s Theory X motivational leadership style (Daniel Workman , 2008). Thus employees have little or no motivation to work on their own and will perform only when directed by the superiors. Thus bright managers from US and other Western states often try to avoid working in Middle East and so they must first be provided proper cultural training in authoritative styles thus enabling them to adapt to the management practices of the Middle East. The Australian business is more similar to that of US as compared to the rest of regions as described above. The language and dress code is pretty much similar. However, Australian society is strictly based upon egalitarian principle where nobody like being bossed around. People don’t like to consider others as superiors and there is almost no hierarchical system (Slideshare, 2009). So authoritarian style of management will not be welcomed in the Australian business. The meeting and negotiation styles as well as the general beliefs of the Australian society are pretty close to the American beliefs. However according to a study on behavior of 35,000 managers from Australia and New Zealand, the Australian managers consistently try to avoid responsibilities and do not take initiatives (Gettler, 2002). Thus FES should provide cultural and leadership training to Australian manager before implementing any kind of central strategy. Discrimination issues also prevail in Australia that can make life for foreign managers very difficult. However, recently steps have been taken to strongly implement anti-discrimination laws. The roles of front line managers are also changing in Australia as they are provided more and more freedom and responsibility (James Saville, Mark Higgins, 1994). The sales and marketing strategy in Australia can be aligned with the US strategies relatively easily because of the similarity in both societies. So the dilemma of FES is choosing between centralized and decentralized approach. Centralization can be defined as, the degree to which decision-making authority is kept at top levels of management. while Decentralization can be defined as, the degree to which decision making authority is pushed down to lower levels of the firm (Schilling 2008). Both approaches have their own pros and cons. FES has seen tremendous growth over the years and has been expanding into new regions at a very quick rate. Thus the organization requires a large amount of flexibility in its decision making that can be provided by a decentralized approach. However, due to rapid expansion, the organization requires tighter control of finances and close monitoring of all its operations to reduce costs and maintain quality. These measures can be achieved through a more centralized approach. So what approach suits FES bests can be determined by a cost benefit analysis where each advantage and disadvantage of delegation authority has to be carefully analyzed in light of the company objectives. Thus aligning the decision making process with the vision of the organization. A centralized approach can benefit the organization by significantly reducing the administrative cost related to employee management. Infrastructure handling will also be more efficient and it will be easier for the headquarter to align organizational goals with the functional and departmental goals ( Dezaree Seeds, Alan S. Khade , 2008). Centralized approach will also make reporting procedure simple resulting in standardized organizational policies. Thus in this way it will further help the organizational objective of flattening the organizational structure and in creation of a matrix organizational setup. A decentralized approach on the other hand can benefit the organization by providing flexibility and empowering employees at the divisional and functional level. As explained above, different regions in which FES is operating have different working environments and the condition of energy industry in Europe, Australia, Middle East, US and South East Asian regions are very different from each other. Thus decentralization of HR and marketing policies will allow the organization to cater to the customer needs in the ways most suited to specific regions. It will also allow greater local control and the ability to act quickly to gain local resources ( Dezaree Seeds, Alan S. Khade , 2008). Decentralization will also allow the organization to better deal with the cultural diversity and provide training to the employees as and when the need arises. One thing that business, institutions, governments and key individuals will have to realize is spiders and starfish may look alike, but starfish have a miraculous quality to them. Cut off the leg of a spider, and you have a seven-legged creature on your hands; cut off its head and you have a dead spider. But cut off the arm of a starfish and it will grow a new one. Not only that, but the severed arm can grow an entirely new body. Starfish can achieve this feat because, unlike spiders, they are decentralized; every major organ is replicated across each arm (Beckstrom and Brafman 2008). The type of approach taken by FES depends upon the nature and present condition of the global energy industry. The energy industry around the world is in a continuous state of flux. As more and more energy companies around the world become private and become free from the control of state, the nature of competition is changing (ExxonMobil, 2004). Demand for power is increasing at an exponential rate and the competition from private as well as government owned companies is fierce. In the power generation sector, each country has established different laws and tariff rates for multinational organizations. Thus on a whole it seems wiser to maintain a decentralized organizational setup which is flexible enough to quickly respond to the changing conditions of the industry. FES should maintain its present functional structure by keeping the finance, production and HR departments centralized. However using the same marketing and sales techniques all across the globe has a lot of negative implications. Thus allowing the regional marketing departments to work according to their specific environment is the best possible option. So in order to maintain decentralization in the marketing and sales department, the top management has to establish strong ties with all of its regional departments. A strong organizational culture based upon a clear vision and mission of the company should be communicated to all of its employees. Perhaps FES can create a hybrid model which allows centralization of decision making with respect to financial and important managerial decisions and at the same time, the marketing campaign is allowed flexibility according to the specific needs of the region. A key concern for FES is to harmonize its rapid global growth. Power and gas generation has to be taken in new countries and new plants need to be setup. The international operations have expanded a lot and efforts must be made to consolidate the existing business while growing in new regions of the world. As part of the consolidation effort FES must conduct extensive employee training program instilling in each employee the vision and objective of the organization. The company should consolidate its major decision making power in the Headquarter thereby allowing Headquarter to maintain a close monitory system on all of its subsidiaries. By centralizing its finance and management activities, the company can also approve marketing budgets for different regions from its Headquarter, thus building coherence in the finance and marketing goals. However the marketing and sales strategies for each region should be decentralized thus instilling greater flexibility and freedom among marketing departments to cater to their local markets. The pay for performance system can work smoothly in few of the regions but as explained earlier, some regions such as Middle East and some parts of South East Asian cultures demonstrate a more hierarchical structure and it will be extremely difficult to introduce pay for performance system in these regions. Also the parameters should be clearly defined before introducing the pay for performance system in different regions. Because same results usually do not show same amount of performance in different regions. What kind of performance and what kind of pay should be decided and communicated to all regional offices. The parameters for monitoring performance should be based upon different standards for different regions. Similarly some of the major HR policies should be centralized but mostly HR of each region should be independent in choosing the who, what, when and where about its employees. For example, Middle Eastern region is very warm in summers as compared to the European region and the work habits and optimum level of work during different seasons is different for both these regions. Thus separate working policies should be established for each of the region. The RD department should remain centralized at the American Head Office. As a centralized RD approach is more beneficial for a company like FES which has not expanded business into a variety of categories (AB, 2001). However taking technological inputs from all across the globe may help the RD department in improving its efficiency and effectiveness. Thus technological integration should be built where all global units of FES are directly integrated with its Head Office and the information flow between Head Office and different regions should be quick and efficient. The production department should carry out its role from the center, managing the manufacturing process across the globe from the Head Office. So it can be seen that different aspects of FES operations require different level of centralization and decentralization. Also different regions require different level of authority delegation based upon their internal environment and national cultures. It is relatively easier to introduce standard policies in Europe and Australia as both of these cultures are very similar to that of US. However, standardizing procedures across Middle East and South America is not a feasible option. The regional business units should remain decentralized as there should be some form of flexibility to make the decision making process quicker. The regional heads should be sent directly from the Head Office, however if some regions in Middle East are not being managed effectively by American managers, then leadership services of local managers should be availed after providing them extensive cultural training programs at the Head Office. The regional units should be linked to the Head Office through the fastest technology available so that there is no or little information gap between the center and regional units. Thus in light of the cultural differences prevailing in various regions of the world, the best suited approach should be to take a hybrid approach while showing some restrain in application of a centralized approach and making some variations in the standards for implementation in different regions. The integration of overall business can be achieved by proper use of technology and defining proper hierarchical system for flow of information between Head Office and various regional units.

Imagery In Macbeth :: essays research papers

The Role of Imagery in Macbeth If a picture tells a thousand words, than imagine the importance of an image upon a play such as Macbeth. In any literary work, it is extremely important that the author can effectively manipulate a reader's feelings towards a character. In Macbeth, that feat is accomplished magnificently by Shakespeare. Through his skillful use of imagery, Shakespeare shows us a deeper look into the true character of Macbeth. Though imagery is widespread throughout Macbeth, it is most dominant in clothing imagery, light and darkness imagery, and blood imagery. Through these images, Shakespeare shows the development of Macbeth's character. Using clothing imagery, Shakespeare develops Macbeth's character. This is evident, as, imagery of clothing shows us Macbeth's ambition and the consequences thereof. We see this ambition, through Banquo, when he says, "New honours come upon him, / Like our strange garments, cleave not to their / mould but with the aid of use." (Shakespeare, Macbeth I, III, 144-146), meaning that new clothes do not fit our bodies, until we are accustomed to them. Throughout the entire play, Macbeth is constantly wearing new clothes (titles), that are not his, and do not fit. Hence, his ambition. This ambition, as we see, is what leads to his demise. When Macbeth first hears the prophecy that he will be King, he does not see how it can be so, "to be king / Stands not within the prospect of belief" (I, III, 73-74). However, Macbeth's ambitious nature becomes visible when he considers murdering King Duncan to claim the throne, "If it were done, when 'tis done, then 'twere well / I t were done quickly" (I, VII, 1-2). His ambition is encouraged by Lady Macbeth, of whom attempts to convince him to commit this crime, and lay claim to the throne. He is reluctant however, as Macbeth states, "I have bought / Golden opinions from all sorts of people, / Which would be worn now in their newest gloss, / Not cast aside so soon" (I, VII, 32-35). Macbeth compares being recently named the Thane of Cawdor to a new set of clothes. He believes that he his not ready to be king, and thus not ready for a new set of clothes. He states that the clothes that they have should be worn for a little while longer. However, Lady Macbeth convinces Macbeth otherwise, and he proceeds, and murders King Duncan.